The 2019 attack on the Abqaiq oil processing facility used cruise missiles and drones. The subsequent attacks on tankers in the Gulf of Oman used limpet mines and, in some cases, explosive-laden fast boats. By the time Houthi forces began their Red Sea campaign in late 2023, the weapons mix had evolved to include one-way attack drones and ballistic missiles fired against commercial vessels. The technological trajectory is consistent: unmanned systems are becoming a larger share of the threat to shipping in and around the Persian Gulf, and their characteristics — low cost, deniability, saturation potential, and steadily improving accuracy — make them a structural shift rather than a tactical adaptation.